Civil engineering comprises design, construction and maintenance of physical and natural environment including buildings, roads, bridges, canals and dams. 

Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline than military engineering.

Civil engineering it was design to distinguish a non military engineering from military engineering.

Civil engineering is the application of science and scientific principle. 

Electrical engineering comprises the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism.

Sub-disciplines of electrical engineering and their scope:

Electrical engineer has a prior knowledge in the field of electrical engineering. 

Electrical engineers have made remarkable contribution to our world. 

Electrical engineers helped invent the computer, DSL, cellular phones, microchips and solar panels to name just a few examples. DVD players, cellular phones, radio, television, computers, airplanes, space vehicles, cars, motorcycles, home appliances, life saving medical equipments, computer games and Martian battles fought with joysticks represent a mere sampling of now familiar facets of life made possible with the input of electrical engineers.

Computer engineers analyze and evaluate computer systems, both hardware & software. Hardware & software works together on system such as a flexible manufacturing system or a smart device or instrument. 

Computer engineers often find themselves focusing on a problems or challenges that result in new state of the art products which integrate computer ability. Computer engineers worked on the design, development, testing and also observe and direct the execution of manufacturing of computer hardware including everything from chips to device controllers.  

Computer engineering is type of engineering in which computer engineers analyze and evaluate computer system.

Computer engineers analyze and evaluate computer system, both hardware and software. They might work together on system such as a flexible manufacturing system or a smart device or instrument. 

An engineer has ability to implement ideas in cost effective and practical approach. This ability takes a thought or an abstract idea and translates it into reality. This separates an engineer from other fields of science and mathematics.

Agile software development is a group of software development method based on iterative and incremental development between self organizing, cross functional team. It promote planning, evolutionary development and delivery, a time- based iterative approach and encourage and flexible response to change.

Online engineering courses degrees and certificates

You may take online individual graduate and professional courses in Engineering and similar fields. Courses for graduate may also be audited. Earn a graduate or a professional certificate or a Master of Science degree in Engineering part time, at a pace that works for you. Now it is possible for you to became professional engineer. Here are some areas where you may take online courses and earn a certificate or an engineering degree:
 Statistic

• Data mining and application graduate certificate
• Statistics MS degree
• Quantitative method in finance and risk management graduate certificate 

Mechanical Engineering

• Mechanical engineering MS degree
• Design for customers values and Market success graduate certificate 

People

People are the most important factor in the success of a software project.

Companies that sensibly manage their investment in people will prosper in the long run Tim and Tom.

Cultivation of motivation and highly skilled software people has always been important for software organizations.

A distributed database management (DDBMS) system is defined as the software system that permits the management of distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to the user.

A distributed database management system is the software that manage the distribute database and provide an access mechanism that makes this distribution transparent to the user.

A distributes database system is not only the collection of files that can individually stored at the different nodes of network.

To form a DDBMS file should not be logically related but there should be a structure among the files and access should be via common interface.

Definition 1: 

A database is a collection of logically related data that is store to meet different requirements of different users in a works pace or in an organization.

Definition 2:  

A database is the self describing collection of integrated records.

The 4 p - project management spectrum

 Understanding the four P’s people, product, process and project is incredibly necessary. people should be organized to perform software system work effectively.

Communication with the client and alternative stakeholders should occur in order that product scope and necessities ar understood.

A process that applicable for the people and therefore the turn out ought to be chosen.

The project should be planned by estimating efforts and calendar time to accomplish work task: shaping work product, establishing quality checkpoints, and distinguishing mechanisms to watch and management work outlined by the arrange.

The four p are:

•     People
•     Product
•     Process
•     Project

The people:

 People of a project includes from manager to developer, from client to finish user. however principally people of a project highlight the developers. it's thus vital to own extremely skillful and intended developers that the software package Engineering Institute has developed land Management Capability Maturity Model (PM-CMM), “to enhance the readiness of software package organizations to undertake progressively advanced applications by serving to to draw in, grow, motivate, deploy, and retain the talent required to boost their software package development power”. Organizations that brought home the bacon high levels of maturity within the people management space have a better chance of implementing effective software package engineering practices.

The Product: 

Product is any package that needs to be developed. To develop with success, product objectives and scope ought to be established, various solutions ought to be thought of, and technical and management constraints ought to be known. while not this data, it's not possible to outline cheap and correct estimates of the price, a good assessment of risk, a sensible breakdown of project tasks or a manageable project schedule that gives a meaning indication of progress.

The Process: 

A package method provides the framework from that a comprehensive arrange for package development is established. variety of various tasks sets— tasks, milestones, work merchandise, and quality assurance points—enable the framework activities to be custom-made to the characteristics of the package project and therefore the necessities of the project group. Finally, umbrella activities becomes more prominent method model. Umbrella activities ar freelance of anybody framework activity and occur throughout the method.

 The Project:  

Here, the manager needs to perform some job. The project contains all and everything of the entire development method and to avoid project failure the manager needs to take some steps, needs to fret concerning some common warnings etc.

 Project

A project is a limited period achievement with a defined beginning and end, undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives.

Temporary means every project has a defined beginning and defined end. End is reached when project is complete.

Unique means that the product or services is different in some distinguishing way from all similar products or services. 

Project management software

Project management software has a capacity to help plan, organize and manage resource pool and develop resource estimates. 

Depending on the sophistication of the software, asserts contains estimation and planning, cost control and budget management, assert allocation, collaboration s/w, communication, decision making, quality management & administration or documentation system. 

Project management

Is discipline of planning, organizing, motivating and controlling resources to achieve specific goals.

 A project is a limited period endeavor with a defined start and end, undertaken to met unique goals & objectives.  

The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as habitually, which are repetitive, permanent or semi endurance functional activities to produce products or services. The management of these 2 systems is frequently quit different and such requires the development of different technical skills and management strategies.

software project manager

currently project management in industries for example construction and manufacturing a software project manager will typically have extensive background in software development.

The software project manager also awaited to be familiar with the software development life cycle (SDLC).

Project manager

Project manager is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers will have the responsibilities of planning, executing and closing of any project typically related to construction industry, architecture, software development etc.

The goal of project manager is to ensure that the project is developed in a certain period of time. The manager monitors the progress of software development and recognizes and reacts to problem.

Software test tools

Program testing and fault detection can aid significantly by testing tools and debuggers.

Testing /debugging tools include following feature  

Beta testing

Beta testing comes after alpha testing and considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Version of the software after testing is known as beta version, are released to limit audience outside of the programming team.

The software is released to some groups of people so that testing can ensure that there are few bugs or faults in the software product. 

Alpha testing

Alpha testing is simulates or actual operational testing by user/customer or an independent test team at the developer’s site.

Alpha testing is frequently employed for off the shelf software as a form of internal acceptance testing before the software goes to beta testing.

Other types of testing are

Smoke testing

Smoke testing determines either there are significant problems with a piece of software during testing procedure for example as a build verification test.

Sanity testing determines either it is fair and sensible to proceed with further testing.

Other types of testing are

Performance testing

Performance testing is generally executed to determine how system performs in term of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload. It also serves to measure, validate or verify quality attributes of system such as reliability and resources usage.

Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that it may be large quantities of date or there are large numbers of users. 

  

This is generally referred to as software scalability. The similar load testing activity when performed as a non functional activity is often referred to as endurance testing.

Regression testing

Regression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Its specifically seeks to uncover software regressions or old bugs that have come back. 

These regressions happened whenever software functionality that was previously working correctly stops working as intended.

Regression occurs as an unintended consequence of program changes, when the newly developed part of the software collides with the previously existing code.

Automation testing

Lots of programming groups are dependent on more and more on automation testing, especially groups that use test driven development.

There are lots of frameworks to write tests in and continuous integration software will run tests automatically every time code is checked into version control system.

 

Automation cannot reproduce everything that human can do.

Types of testing

There are many types of testing. The types of testing are as follows

1. Regression testing
2. Smoke testing
3. Performance testing
4. Alpha testing
5. Beta testing
6. automation testing

Acceptance testing

In this stage of testing the system is delivered to the user for acceptance testing.

Other levels of testing are

System testing

System testing tests a complete integrated system to verify that the system meets its requirement. Software testing should ensure that the program as well as working as expected. 

Software testing should also ensure that the program does not destroy or partially corrupt its operating environment or cause other process within that environment to become inoperative

.

This comprise not corrupting shared memory storage, not consuming or locking up excessive resources and leaving any parallel processes unharmed by its presence.

Other levels of testing are

Integration testing

Integration testing is type of software testing that seeks to verify the interfaces between components against a software design.

Software components will be combined in an iterative way or all together which is also called as “big bang”.

Integration testing works to uncover faults in the interface and interaction between integrated components or modules of software.

Larger number of groups of tested software components corresponding to elements of the architectural design are integrated and tested until the software works as system.

Other levels of testing are

Unit testing

Unit testing is also known as component testing, refers to test that verify the functionality of a specific portion of code at the function level. In an object oriented environment the minimal unit tests include the constructors and destructive.

Unit tests are written by developers as they work on code, to ensure that specific function is working as expected.

One function may have many tests to catch branches of the code. Unit testing cannot alone verify the functionality of software, but it is used to ensure the building blocks of software work independently of each other.

Testing levels

Testing is a set of activities that can be planned in advanced and conducted according to a fix plan. For this cause a template for software testing a set of steps into which you can place specific test case design techniques and testing methods should be defined for the software process.

Software testing can be stated as the process of validating and verifying a computer program. Software testing depending on testing method employed.

Grey box testing

Grey box testing include knowledge of internal data structure and algorithms for purposes of designing tests while executing those tests at the user or black box level.

The tester is not requires to have full source code access during testing.

Black box testing

Black box testing treats the software as black box. The functionality examined without any knowledge of internal implementation. The software tester is only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it.

There are following methods of Black box testing:            

White box testing

White box testing, also refereed as clear box, glass box testing  or structural testing.

White box testing tests internal structure or working of a program, as opposed to the functionality expose to the product user. In white box testing internal view of system, as well as programming expertise's are used to design test cases.

The tester chose input to exercise paths through the code and determine output. 

White box testing can be applied at the unit, integration and system level of software testing process. Through methods of test design many errors and problems are uncovered.

Techniques of white box testing include:

Box approach

Software testing methods are divided into three sub branches.  

1. White box testing  
2. Black box testing
3.  Grey box testing

These 3 approaches are used to explain the meaning that a test engineer takes when designing test cases.

Static vs. dynamic testing

Software testing is an investing conducted provides stockholders with information about the quality of product or service under test. 

Software testing can also provide an objective, view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risk of software implantation. Test techniques include, but are not limited to the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs.

There are large number of approaches of software testing.

Software testing

Software testing is an investing conducted provides stockholders with information about the quality of product or service under test. 

Software testing can also provide an objective, view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risk of software implantation. Test techniques include, but are not limited to the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs.

Software testing can be stated as the process of validating and verifying a computer program. Software testing depending on testing procedure employed......